Famous Hukma

Separated medicine from superstition and grounded it in careful observation of the patient. His school taught that health is a balance of four humours — blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile — the idea that became the very foundation of Unani practice.

Systematised humoral medicine into a complete theory of temperament (mizaj), pharmacology and anatomy. Galen’s writings dominated medical thought for over a thousand years and were the bedrock on which later Muslim physicians built.

A master of the bedside who insisted on recording cases exactly as he saw them. He gave the first clear clinical distinction between smallpox and measles and championed reasoning from evidence over blind authority.

Perhaps the most influential physician in history. His encyclopaedic Canon organised all the medical knowledge of his age into a single system and served as a standard textbook in both the East and Europe for centuries.

The father of modern surgery. He designed and illustrated dozens of surgical instruments and described procedures with a precision that shaped surgical teaching across the medieval world.

Centuries ahead of his time, he correctly described the circulation of blood through the lungs, challenging Galen directly through pure anatomical reasoning.

A philosopher-physician whose general medical compendium synthesised theory and practice. His work travelled into Europe under the name Colliget and influenced medical thought across continents.

The great moderniser of Unani in South Asia. He founded colleges and research institutions that brought the tradition into the modern era and ensured its survival as a living, taught discipline.